Tuberin (also known as TSC2, or Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2) is a key protein that functions as a tumor suppressor and plays a critical role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy. Tuberin forms a complex with another protein called TSC1 (hamartin), and together they regulate the activity of the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathway. This pathway is essential for controlling cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, and organismal growth. Tuberin acts to inhibit mTOR activity, thereby suppressing excessive cell growth and division. Mutations or loss of TSC2 can lead to the development of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder characterized by benign tumors in multiple organs, including the brain, kidneys, and heart. Tuberin is also implicated in neurological disorders, cancer, and metabolic diseases, making it a key target for ongoing research in cell signaling and disease therapeutics.